To date, no identifiable etiological agent has been observed in association with these lesions. Histological sections through 'warts' on geoduck clams. In other cases, not only was the epithelial layer intact but the wart material was separated from living tissue and encapsulated by the eosinophilic acellular layer of the periostracum (Fig. Occasionally the wart material was separated from the underlying tissues only by the epithelium and the wart extended deeply within the musculature of the siphon forming a pit (Fig. Some warts were enmeshed in the musculature with no evident demarcation and the necrotic material included the epithelium (Fig. Histologically, the 'warts' consisted of densely packed necrotic granular haemocytes (Fig. The occurrence of the 'wart' on the surface of siphon and mantle may be part of a healing mechanism of the geoduck clam. This lesion appears to migrate (mechanism as yet unexplained) from the muscle tissue to the surface, where it was eventually walled off from the underlying tissues with periostracum. The formation of a wart is the result of an accumulation of haemocytes (clam blood cells) in the musculature of the siphon or the mantle causing purulence (extremely high numbers of haemocytes). 7 and 8 were rarely observed, and their histological appearance resembled that of other warts. Unusual looking warts such as those in Figs. 'Warts' on both the siphon and mantle were observed in geoduck clams from all of the sampling areas but occurred more frequently on the siphon than on the mantle.
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